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Cognitive Biases That Affect Traders

  
  Education
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cognitive_psychology_irrational
Humans have weaknesses that hamper their trading capabilities. Many were developed in ancient times and were important for survival. I will enumerate the most important:
1) Loss Aversion: the strong tendency for people to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

2) Sunk Cost Effect: The tendency to treat money that already has been committed or spent as more valuable than money that may be spent in the future

3) Disposition Effect: the tendency for people to lock in gains and ride losses

4) Outcome Bias: The tendency to judge a decision by its outcome rather then by the quality of the decision at the time it was made

5) Recency Bias: the tendency to weigh recent data or experience more than earlier data or experience

6) Anchoring: the tendency to rely too heavily, or anchor, on readily available information (more…)

Loss Aversion

  
  Education
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There’s a short Danny Kahneman interview at the Daily Beast here.  He notes why your best friends may not be your best advisors:

 Friends are sometimes a big help when they share your feelings. In the context of decisions, the friends who will serve you best are those who understand your feelings but are not overly impressed by them. 

 That’s the Kahneman I love to read, profound and interesting. But then he follows with this sentence:

For example, one important source of bad decisions is loss aversion, by which we put far more weight on what we may lose than on what we may gain.  (more…)

8 Key cognitive biases to be aware of…

  
  Education
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  1. Loss Aversion… A preference for avoiding losses over acquiring gains
  2. Sunk Cost Effect… Treating money already spent as more valuable than money that may be spent in the future
  3.  Disposition Effect… A tendency to lock in gains and ride losses
  4.  Outcome Bias… A tendency to judge a decision by its outcome rather than the quality of the decision at the time it was made
  5.  Recency Bias… A tendency to weigh recent data or experience more than earlier data or experience
  6.  Anchoring… A tendency to rely too heavily or anchor on readily available information
  7.  Bandwagon effect… A tendency to believe things because other people believe them
  8.  Belief in Law of Small numbers… The tendency to draw unjustified conclusions from too little information

Remember These 13 Points

  
  Education
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  1. Predictions do not work as tomorrow is uncertain. We will only boast about things we have predicted right and talk nothing about the other half we got wrong.
  2. Skills can bring us moderate success. However, luck is needed to be a big success. (credit to Jon)
  3. We tend to credit our successes to good skills and blame our failures on poor luck.
  4. Some of us rely on luck (most unknowingly) by investing for high returns (and losses). A few of us will make big money but most of us will end up much poorer.
  5. Some of us deliberately limit the luck factor by choosing investment products with capital guarantee and guaranteed returns. None of us will make big money but none of us will be very much poorer.
  6. We need to know how much we can afford to lose (financially and emotionally) before deciding to be No. 4 or No. 5, or somewhere in between.
  7. We have many biases. The degree of success in investing or trading depends on how much we can keep our biases in check. No, we cannot remove our biases totally.
  8. Confirmation bias – we see what we want to see. We seek out evidence to validate our investment decision and ignore those that suggest otherwise.
  9. Availability bias – we are influenced by the things we observe. If people we knew made a lot of money through property investment, we will think that properties are the best investments in the world and develop a preference for it.
  10. Loss aversion bias – we want to be compensated for high returns before we decide to take the risk to invest. We often wait for markets move and show high returns before we want to invest. We are not interested if markets are not moving.
  11. Hindsight bias – we tend to say “I knew it” after an event has happened.
  12. Survivor-ship bias – we only get to hear stories of successes but many stories of failures were untold.  See No 2 and No 3.
  13. Most us do not know what we want in life. We think we will be happier with more money.

7 Different common emotional mistakes:

  
  Education
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7emotion

1. Emotional bias: the tendency to believe the things that make you feel good and to disregard things that make you feel bad. In trading terms, this means ignoring the bad news and focusing on the good news. It’s called losing objectivity; you don’t recognise when things go wrong because you don’t want to.

2. Expectation bias: the tendency to believe in things that you expect. In financial terms this means not bothering to analyse, test, measure or doubt the conclusion you expect or hope for. It is also known as the law of small numbers – believing in something with little real evidence.

3. The disposition effect: the tendency to cut your profits and let your losses run – the opposite of what a trader should be doing. Making small profits and big losses is a recipe for disaster.

4. Loss aversion: the tendency to value the avoidance of loss more highly than the making of gain. (more…)

Get Rs 25000 right now or flip a coin with a 50/50 chance of winning Rs 50000. Which do you go for?

  
  Education
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Think of an answer before reading further.

Now. You have the choice of definitely losing  RS 25000 or flipping a coin with a 50/50 chance of losing Rs 50000. Which option do you take?

If you answered both questions the same way, congratulations, you have a rational attitude toward gains and losses. That’s good news if you’re a trader.

Studies show that most people will pick receiving Rs 25000 while opting to take the chance of losing Rs 50000 or nothing. It’s called loss aversion and it’s because negative reactions to loss impact our psyches twice as hard as the rush of making gains does.

Master that psychological part of trading and you’re one step closer to being the trader you want to be.

13 Things- Learned About Humans and the Financial Markets

  
  Education
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  1. Predictions do not work as tomorrow is uncertain. We will only boast about things we have predicted right and talk nothing about the other half we got wrong.
  2. Skills can bring us moderate success. However, luck is needed to be a big success. (credit to Jon)
  3. We tend to credit our successes to good skills and blame our failures on poor luck.
  4. Some of us rely on luck (most unknowingly) by investing for high returns (and losses). A few of us will make big money but most of us will end up much poorer.
  5. Some of us deliberately limit the luck factor by choosing investment products with capital guarantee and guaranteed returns. None of us will make big money but none of us will be very much poorer.
  6. We need to know how much we can afford to lose (financially and emotionally) before deciding to be No. 4 or No. 5, or somewhere in between.
  7. We have many biases. The degree of success in investing or trading depends on how much we can keep our biases in check. No, we cannot remove our biases totally.
  8. Confirmation bias – we see what we want to see. We seek out evidence to validate our investment decision and ignore those that suggest otherwise.
  9. Availability bias – we are influenced by the things we observe. If people we knew made a lot of money through property investment, we will think that properties are the best investments in the world and develop a preference for it.
  10. Loss aversion bias – we want to be compensated for high returns before we decide to take the risk to invest. We often wait for markets move and show high returns before we want to invest. We are not interested if markets are not moving.
  11. Hindsight bias – we tend to say “I knew it” after an event has happened.
  12. Survivor-ship bias – we only get to hear stories of successes but many stories of failures were untold.  See No 2 and No 3.
  13. Most us do not know what we want in life. We think we will be happier with more money.

7 Psychological habits

  
  Education
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1. Overconfidence and optimism

Most of us are way too confident about our ability to foresee the future, and overwhelmingly too optimistic in our forecasts.

This finding holds across all disciplines, for both professionals and non-professionals, with the exceptions of weather forecasters and horse handicappers.

Lesson: Learn not to trust your gut.

2. Hindsight

We consistently exaggerate our prior beliefs about events.

Market forecasters spend a lot of time telling us why the market behaved the way it did. They’re great at telling us we need an umbrella after it starts raining as well, but it doesn’t improve our returns. We’re all useless at remembering what we used to believe.

Lesson: Keep a diary, revisit your thinking constantly.

3. Loss aversion

We hurt more when we sell at a loss than we feel happy when we (more…)

Irrational and Odd Behaviors of Traders

  
  Education
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Anchoring: our habit of focusing on one salient point and ignoring all others, such as the price at which we buy a stock.

Bias Blind Spot: we agree that everyone else is biased, but not ourselves.

Confirmation Bias: we interpret evidence to support our prior beliefs and, if all else fails, we ignore evidence that contradicts it.

Disposition Effect: we prefer to sell shares whose value has increased and keep those whose value’s dropped.

Framing: the way a question or situation is framed can determine your response.

Fundamental Attribution Error: we attribute success to our own skill and failure to everyone else’s lack of it.

Herding: we tend to flock together, especially under conditions of uncertainty.

Illusion of Control: we do things that make us feel in control, even if we’re not.

Loss Aversion: we do stupid things to avoid realizing a loss.

Overconfidence: we’re way too confident in our abilities, which seems to be an in-built bias that we’re unable to overcome without excessive effort.

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