Archives of “rate of return” tag

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Who Really Beats the Market?

  
  Education
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Survivorship bias, or survival bias, is the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that “survived” some process and inadvertently overlooking those that did not because of their lack of visibility. This can lead to false conclusions in several different ways. – Wikipedia

There is survivor bias in looking at trading and investing performance and then there are the traders and investors that have an edge. People with an edge end up with the losses of those that rely on luck for profits.

This article is from an edited transcript of a talk given at Columbia University in 1984 by Warren Buffett.

Investors who seem to beat the market year after year are just lucky. “If prices fully reflect available information, this sort of investment adeptness is ruled out,” writes one of today’s textbook authors.

Well, maybe. But I want to present to you a group of investors who have, year in and year out, beaten the Standard & Poor’s 500 stock index. The hypothesis that they do this by pure chance is at least worth examining.

I would like you to imagine a national coin-flipping contest. Let’s assume we get 225 million Americans up tomorrow morning and we ask them all to wager a dollar. They go out in the morning at sunrise, and they all call the flip of a coin. If they call correctly, they win a dollar from those who called wrong. Each day the losers drop out, and on the subsequent day the stakes build as all previous winnings are put on the line. After ten flips on ten mornings, there will be approximately 220,000 people in the United States who have correctly called ten flips in a row. They each will have won a little over $1,000.

Now this group will probably start getting a little puffed up about this, human nature being what it is. They may try to be modest, but at cocktail parties they will occasionally admit to attractive members of the opposite sex what their technique is, and what marvelous insights they bring to the field of flipping. (more…)

Investing Like Warren Buffett.

  
  Education
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In fact there are a couple of professors in Ohio, who studied any stock that Warren Buffett bought, if you bought on the last day of the month, when it was public that he owned that stock, and you sold it after it was public that he had started selling it, you would have generated north of 20% annual rate of return.

I would say that we will never see another Warren Buffett. Just like we will never see any Albert Einstein or another Mahatma Gandhi. Buffett is a very unique individual. His skillsets outside of investment are phenomenal but they get dwarfed by his investing skills. The main thing that makes Warren Buffett Warren Buffett is that he is a learning machine who has worked really hard for, let’s us say seventy years, and is continuously learning every day.

So the thing is if you want to be like Buffett, there is no short cut. First of all, you have to be deeply interested in investing and you have to be very willing spending tens of hours, hundreds of hours, reading the minutiae. There is a very famous value investor called Seth Klarman. He is into horse racing. And his famous horse is called Read the Footnotes.”

Diary of a Professional Commodity Trader -Book Review

  
  Education
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Brandt uses high/low/close bar charts as his primary trading (not, he stresses, forecasting) tools. He is for the most part a longer-term discretionary pattern trader who enters on breakouts that meet his stringent requirements. Since he knows that only 30 to 35% of his trades will be profitable over an extended period of time and up to 80% will be unprofitable over a shorter time frame, he is exceedingly cautious about leverage. For instance, his trading assets committed to margin requirements rarely exceed 15%.

In the first two parts of the book Brandt offers the reader a thorough course in identifying and categorizing trading signals, placing initial protective stops and subsequent trailing stops, pyramiding, and taking profits. The course addresses traders at all skill levels. For instance, he describes his own trading plan as simple, but some of its elements require a degree of judgment and sophistication that can only come with extensive practice. One example: “time phasing is a hurdle all traders must clear in order to be consistently successful.” (p. 88)

The third part of the book is Brandt’s five-month trading diary, and it’s a fascinating read. Not only does it describe individual trades but it shows how good traders evolve. Take month four, where the author is in a drawdown period. He writes that he has always known that there were flaws in his trading plan but that “good times provide cover for the deficiencies of a trading plan.” During tough times “markets have a way of exploiting flaws in a trading plan. … The challenge is to find the fundamental flaws, not just to make changes that would have optimized trading during the drawdown phase. … Almost always the changes [the author has made to his own plan] have dealt with trade and risk management, not with trade identification.” (p. 189) (more…)

The Wisdom of Paul Tudor Jones

  
  Education
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Here are some noteworthy quotes from the 80′s (yes 80′s) PBS special “Trader“, highlighting Paul Tudor Jones and his partner Peter Borish’s trading strategies. I’d like to thank Rodrigo for sending me this special, as I wasn’t familiar with Jone’s career. Even after a decade in the business you can still keep learning from successful traders in the hopes of fine tuning one’s craft.

What I found refreshing about Jones is his commitment to helping underprivileged high school students and his pledge to pay for their college education as long as they complete high school. And more importantly, the giving of his time each and every week to intervene in their lives.

“If life ever ceases to be an educational experience, I probably wouldn’t get out of bed.”

When the headlines are extremely negative day after day and the market refuses to go down, it’s “telling a different story than what the headlines are.” When the markets sell off in the morning and are bought up in the afternoon, it’s a sign of quite accumulation.

“After awhile size means nothing. It gets back to whether you’re making 100% rate of return on 10k or 100 million dollars. It doesn’t make any difference.”

“Trading requires an energy level, and it’s very difficult to sustain it 24 hrs a day, which is what this requires. To do the job right requires such an enormous amount of concentration that you’ve got to be able to…it’s physical and emotionally mandatory to find some time to relax, and you’ve got to be able to turn it off like that.”

“The whole world is simply nothing more than a flow chart for capital.” (more…)

ARE YOU A SPECULATOR?

  
  Education
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Consider this excerpt:

Benjamin Graham, who believed in buying wonderful companies at a fair price rather than a fair company at a wonderful price, defines an investor as “an individual whose investment provides two quantitative qualities – safety of principal and an adequate rate of return.” There are many intricacies within business ownership investments, but does everyone in the stock market consider these particulars when investing in business ownership? Of course not, because not everybody in the stock market is an investor. Individuals who desire to become investors must enter the arena with goals that have a long-term investment horizon. Warren Buffett, a global financial market guru and head of Berkshire-Hathaway, puts it best when he says: “It’s bad to go to bed at night thinking about the price of a stock. We think about the value of a company and the company results; the stock market is there to serve you, not instruct you.”Hence, an investor does not buy a price and will not be affected by the ups and downs of the market. A sound investor buys well-managed businesses, with strong earnings growth and significant barriers to entry that will provide long-term security. A ‘purchaser of price’ is a speculator; a ‘purchaser of solid businesses’ with sound fundamentals is an investor.Mark Croskery

Indian retail investors tend to lose in stock markets: ISB

  
Analysis, Education
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Retail equity investors in India systematically lose out to other categories of players because they sell the winning stocks too quickly and hold on to the losing stocks too long, says a study.

It found that individual retail investors in India, numbering 2.02 million – largest in the world – consistently chase a zero rate of return on their stock investments when they make decisions themselves.

The study attributed the recurring losses to these type of investors to the ‘disposition effect’ (selling the winning stocks too quickly and holding on to the losing stocks too long) and ‘overconfidence’ (taking credit for good decisions and attributing bad decisions to luck) for three categories of investors separately. (more…)

Weatherall, The Physics of Wall Street-Book Review

  
  Education
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The Physics of WALL STREETJames Owen Weatherall’s The Physics of Wall Street: A Brief History of Predicting the Unpredictable (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013) is an engrossing book. Even though I was familiar with many of the stories the author recounts, at no point was I tempted to skip a page. Coming from me, that’s high praise indeed.

In the first chapter Weatherall takes the reader on a journey from sixteenth- and seventeenth-century attempts at a systematic theory of probability (Cardano, de Méré, Pascal, and Fermat) through Bachelier’s 1900 dissertation, A Theory of Speculation. Bachelier is credited with having come up with the random walk model/efficient market hypothesis. Like many quants, he was ahead of his time. “In a just world, Bachelier would be to finance what Newton is to physics. But Bachelier’s life was a shambles, in large part because academia couldn’t countenance so original a thinker.” (p. 27)

It wasn’t until Maury Osborne’s 1959 paper entitled “Brownian Motion in the Stock Market,” similar in both topic (predicting stock prices) and solution to Bachelier’s thesis, that people began to understand that physics could make a substantial contribution to finance. By then, as Osborne said, “Physicists essentially could do no wrong.” (p. 28) Scientists were in demand in industry, research facilities, and government. Pre-The Graduate, think nylon and the Manhattan Project.

Osborne found that stock prices don’t follow a normal distribution as Bachelier had suggested; rather, the rate of return on a stock (the “average percentage by which the price changes each instant”) is normally distributed. “Since price and rate of return are related by a logarithm, Osborne’s model implies that prices should be log-normally distributed.”  (more…)

Why does it happen?

  
  Education
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There seems to be a consistent pattern when it comes to these trading teachers turned rogue traders. The story usually is that a trader struggled for years, then “made it”, and decided to teach others. Students etc began offering them money so they set themselves up as a money manager and then *bling* collapse in flames and do a runner.

One obvious theory is that their trading psychology had adapted to trading their own money at a certain equity level, and they might even have been very successful at that, thus making them confident and bold. But then all of a sudden they are thrust into new territory in terms of both a massive influx in equity and thus volume to have to trade, and the burden of being the crux for investors hope and fear all day.

Imagine it – you are happy trading 1 or 2 standard lots and you have a good rate of return on your own account, but now all of a sudden you are trading 100 lots per trade, and the phone is going every half an hour with someone yapping “So?! How’s it going? What level is my investment at now?! Has their been any losses??!!”

*Brring Brrring!!* – “Someone grab that god damn phone, I’m trying to focus here!”

You could almost feel how this would cause your heart to start pumping and you would break out into a sweat; your mind would go foggy – yet you are supposed to stay cool and trade. I personally sense that many of these guys just didn’t consider this at all. They thought they were ready; they weren’t.

Add to this possible new market issues that throw a spanner in the works, such as trying to get filled with bigger volume, slippage – your positions maybe starting to show up on the radar of other market players and drawing interest to yourself.

The trusty old scalping system seems to not work like it used to work. One bad day and you’ve drawn down 20% of the account and you can’t sleep at night. You can’t bring yourself to tell the investors right now until you try to reduce that loss, so you tell a bit of a white lie.

Down the rabbit hole you go. Soon everyone is calling you scum and saying the honourable thing to do is commit suicide and you are facing six years jail. The moral of the story – think twice before becoming a home-brew money manager.

Marc Faber's 2010 Investment Outlook: Bullish Sentiment Too High For His Liking

  
Analysis, Education
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Always the contrarian, Marc Faber’s investing advice for 2010 is this — listen to the experts, and then do the opposite. Faber, the editor of The Gloom Boom & Doom Report, wrote in his most recent January newsletter that he was bullish on U.S. stocks.

Nothing lasts forever, though.

He’s changed his mind after participating in this week’s Barron’s round-table discussion. “Everybody was looking for further gains in stocks,” he tells Henry in this clip. That opinion is also reflected by Bloomberg’s latest investor survey, which registered its highest level of bullish sentiment since the survey began in 2007.

That overwhelming consensus worries Faber. He now thinks a correction in U.S. stocks could come much sooner than most predict. Momentum players who are driving the market could “pull the trigger relatively quickly,” he says. He also observes that the charts of stocks favored by momentum investors, like Google, RIM, Apple and Amazon, look to be flattening out.

Overall, 2010 will not be one for the record books, as 2009 was. He’s looking at a more normal 5%-10% rate of return for global investors.

Atkeson & Houghton, Win By Not Losing-Book Review

  
  Education
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 Nicholas Atkeson and Andrew Houghton, founding partners of Delta Investment Management, have written what, in the words of the lengthy subtitle, is a disciplined approach to building and protecting your wealth in the stock market by managing your risk. Win By Not Losing (McGraw-Hill, 2013) is a mix of stories about some not-so-famous investors (in fact, a few are identified simply by their first names) and an introduction to tactical investing.

The authors contend that “stock prices are influenced by oddities in human behavior that often cause security pricing to be predictable.” (p. 120) They support their contention by sharing some of their observations from the trading floor of an investment bank. Earnings momentum, for instance, can be both predictable and profitable: “the cycle of exceeding analysts’ estimates is often predictable in light of the pressures on analysts to be overly conservative.” (p. 121) And one study found that “over the 60 trading days after an earnings announcement, a long position in stocks with unexpected earnings in the highest decile, combined with a short position in stocks in the lowest decile, yields an annualized ‘abnormal’ return of about 25 percent before transaction costs.” (p. 122) (more…)

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