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Cognitive Biases That Affect Traders

  
  Education
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cognitive_psychology_irrational
Humans have weaknesses that hamper their trading capabilities. Many were developed in ancient times and were important for survival. I will enumerate the most important:
1) Loss Aversion: the strong tendency for people to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring gains

2) Sunk Cost Effect: The tendency to treat money that already has been committed or spent as more valuable than money that may be spent in the future

3) Disposition Effect: the tendency for people to lock in gains and ride losses

4) Outcome Bias: The tendency to judge a decision by its outcome rather then by the quality of the decision at the time it was made

5) Recency Bias: the tendency to weigh recent data or experience more than earlier data or experience

6) Anchoring: the tendency to rely too heavily, or anchor, on readily available information (more…)

Biases That Cause You To Make Mistakes

  
  Education
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You are your own worst enemy.

Those are the six most important words in investing. Shady financial advisors and incompetent CEOs don’t harm your returns a fraction of the amount your own behavior does.

Here are 15 cognitive biases that cause people to do dumb things with their money.

1. Normalcy bias
Assuming that because something has never happened before, it won’t (or can’t) happen in the future. Everything that has ever happened in history was “unprecedented” at one time. The Great Depression. The crash of 1987. Enron. Wall Street bailouts. All of these events had never happened… until they did. When Warren Buffett announced he was looking for candidates to replace him at Berkshire Hathaway, he said he needed “someone genetically programmed to recognize and avoid serious risks, including those never before encountered.“ Someone who understands normalcy bias, in other words.

2. Dunning-Kruger effect
Being so bad at a task that you lack the capacity to realize how bad you are. Markus Glaser and Martin Weber of the University of Mannheim showed that investors who earn the lowest returns are the worst at judging their own returns. They had literally no idea how bad they were. “The correlation between self-ratings and actual performance is not distinguishable from zero” they wrote.

3. Attentional bias
Falsely thinking two events are correlated when they are random, but you just happen to be paying more attention to them. After stocks plunged 4% in November 1991, Investor’s Business Daily blamed a failed biotech bill in the House of Representatives, while The Financial Times blamed geopolitical tension in Russia. The “cause” of the crash was whatever the editor happened to be paying attention to that day.

4. Bandwagon effect
Believing something is true only because other people think it is. Whether politicians or stocks, people like being associated with things that are winning, so winners build momentum not because they deserve it, but because they’re winning. This is the foundation of all asset bubbles. (more…)

Justification Mode

  
  Education
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“The ego is not your friend as a trader. The ego wants to be right, it wants to predict, and it wants to know secrets. The ego makes it much more difficult to trade well by avoiding the cognitive biases that hinder profits.” – Curtis M. Faith

 That quote came to mind this morning when having a conversation with a fellow trader who I think is in what I call “justification mode.”

Justification mode is when traders (or investors) find themselves having to justify poor performance on something that seems logical and which helps comfort and protect their ego without having to own up and face a big mistake.

In this trader’s case, like a lot of people it seems he went and stayed short when the market rolled over last month. Although he won’t admit it to you now, I know from our prior emails he was sucked in by the infamous “death cross” and, in spite of a strong reversal, has now refused to reverse his short (and losing) positions. In fact, his ego is so involved with this short-trade that he’s recently doubled down when the market refused to roll over even using lots of leverage to prove his point. Now he’s in a painful position of being trapped between owning up to the mistake and taking the painful loss or doing what so many tend to do – find a way simply to justify his actions and let a growing loss have the potential to wipe him out entirely.

In our conversation this morning, this trader kept talking about “the market is in a trading range” and “ready to roll over.” That’s fine and well as long as the price action confirms that view, but it hasn’t yet. As I asked him this morning, “Can you afford simply to stay wrong just to protect your ego?” He didn’t know how to respond. In fact, it became clear that he didn’t even realize that his ego was becoming such a strong influence over his entire market analysis. I suspect, as he does as well now after talking to me, that if this trader’s positions were different, for example aggressively long the market instead of short, this same trader would not be seeing a “trading range” or a market “ripe for reversal.” Instead, he would see nothing but more upside potential. This is why human traders, with human egos, are often at a significant disadvantage.

Trust me, at one point or the other, we’ve all done this. I know I have been in justification mode many times even when I didn’t even realize it until much later on. However, over time, I’ve learned to spot to tell tale signs that I’ve fallen trap to this and then have learned to take immediate corrective steps to right the ship. Moreover, as many of you also know, at all times I also trade in a way that makes sure that when I do make mistakes (which are often) that they NEVER have the potential to wipe me out. When your ego gets so involved in your trading, the potential for catastrophic losses are tremendous which is why we’ve all have to learn and know when we’ve fallen into justification mode. (more…)

One of the best Trading Psychology books I've ever read!

  
  Education
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“Psychology of Intelligence Analysis” by Richards J Heuer, Jr., published by the CIA’s Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999.

woman-reading
 

Available as a pdf download from this webpage
 

Ok, so it’s a CIA book written for Intelligence Analysts, not a trading book written for traders. However, the information available in this book is superb. Well written and easy to follow. This is an excellent source of information on how we think, and the cognitive biases which undermine our ability to process information and conduct market analysis.
 

VERY APPLICABLE TO TRADING. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.
 

Here’s what’s it covers:

 

Part 1 – Our Mental Machinery

  • Chapter 1: Thinking About Thinking

  • Chapter 2: Perception: Why Can’t We See What Is There to Be Seen?

  • Chapter 3: Memory: How Do We Remember What We Know?

Part 2 – Tools for Thinking

  • Chapter 4: Strategies for Analytical Judgment: Transcending the Limits of Incomplete Information

  • Chapter 5: Do You Really Need More Information?

  • Chapter 6: Keeping an Open Mind

  • Chapter 7: Structuring Analytical Problems

  • Chapter 8: Analysis of Competing Hypothesis

Part 3 – Cognitive Biases

  • Chapter 9 – What Are Cognitive Biases?

  • Chapter 10 – Biases in Evaluation of Evidence

  • Chapter 11 – Biases in Perception of Cause and Effect

  • Chapter 12 – Biases in Estimating Probabilities

  • Chapter 13 – Hindsight Biases in Evaluation of Intelligence Reporting

Part 4 – Conclusions

  • Chapter 14 – Improving Intelligence Analysis

 

Available as a pdf download from this webpage

Perhaps good traders aren’t born but rather made

  
  Education
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How much of trading success can be attributed to innate ability? The answer is, as Richard Dennis and Bill Eckhardt proved with their Turtle Trader experiment back in the early 80′s, none. Trading is a skills based activity in which we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty and risk. We can have uncertainty without risk but it is impossible to have risk without uncertainty.

What is innate that has an impact on our trading are habits. MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research suggests that habit formation is indeed an innate ability which is perfected through experience. In particular, their research focused on the costs and rewards of certain choices using pattern recognition, much like trading.

Neuroscientists led by Institute Professor Ann Graybiel found that untrained monkeys performing a simple visual scanning task gradually developed efficient patterns that allowed them to minimize the time it took to receive their reward.
The findings not only help reveal how the brain forms habits, but also could shed light on neurological disorders where amplified habit-formation results in highly repetitive behavior, such as Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, says Graybiel.

The process of trading, from scanning the markets for a setup to closing the position, consists of a sequence of tasks. Over time we create habits by combining these tasks together in a process. Our tendency is to use heuristics or mental shortcuts to make the tasks easier on our brains. In doing so we open ourselves up to certain cognitive biases such as framing, anchoring and confirmation bias. If these are formed early in a trading career they can be detrimental to our equity curves and potential as a successful trader.

So perhaps good traders aren’t born but rather made. Traders are made by the habits they form. It takes, on average, 21 days to form a habit while taking much longer to unlearn one. Certain characteristic traits, namely Conscientiousness with two of its facets–self-efficacy and self-discipline, lend themselves nicely to forming good habits. Other characteristic traits, such as Neuroticism, can lead to bad habits. It’s therefore important to know what characteristic traits you bring to the markets.

If you’ve been in the markets for a while and find yourself unsuccessful, the culprit may be the habits and biases you’ve formed early in your trading. As humans our brains have a difficult time in distinguishing between good and bad habits. The good news is that bad habits can be changed into good habits through interrupting the habit cycle and changing the routine. Interrupting the cycle is easier than it sounds and well worth the effort as longevity in the markets as a successful trader is the reward.

Eight Cognitive Biases That Affect Trading

  
  Education
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8

  1. Loss Aversion – The tendency for people to have a strong preference for avoiding loses over acquiring gains.
  2. Sunk Costs Effect – The tendency to treat money that already has been committed or spent as more valuable than money that may be spent in the future. (more…)
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