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One of the best Trading Psychology books I've ever read!

“Psychology of Intelligence Analysis” by Richards J Heuer, Jr., published by the CIA’s Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1999.

woman-reading
 

Available as a pdf download from this webpage
 

Ok, so it’s a CIA book written for Intelligence Analysts, not a trading book written for traders. However, the information available in this book is superb. Well written and easy to follow. This is an excellent source of information on how we think, and the cognitive biases which undermine our ability to process information and conduct market analysis.
 

VERY APPLICABLE TO TRADING. HIGHLY RECOMMENDED.
 

Here’s what’s it covers:

 

Part 1 – Our Mental Machinery

  • Chapter 1: Thinking About Thinking

  • Chapter 2: Perception: Why Can’t We See What Is There to Be Seen?

  • Chapter 3: Memory: How Do We Remember What We Know?

Part 2 – Tools for Thinking

  • Chapter 4: Strategies for Analytical Judgment: Transcending the Limits of Incomplete Information

  • Chapter 5: Do You Really Need More Information?

  • Chapter 6: Keeping an Open Mind

  • Chapter 7: Structuring Analytical Problems

  • Chapter 8: Analysis of Competing Hypothesis

Part 3 – Cognitive Biases

  • Chapter 9 – What Are Cognitive Biases?

  • Chapter 10 – Biases in Evaluation of Evidence

  • Chapter 11 – Biases in Perception of Cause and Effect

  • Chapter 12 – Biases in Estimating Probabilities

  • Chapter 13 – Hindsight Biases in Evaluation of Intelligence Reporting

Part 4 – Conclusions

  • Chapter 14 – Improving Intelligence Analysis

 

Available as a pdf download from this webpage

Eight Cognitive Biases That Affect Trading

8

  1. Loss Aversion – The tendency for people to have a strong preference for avoiding loses over acquiring gains.
  2. Sunk Costs Effect – The tendency to treat money that already has been committed or spent as more valuable than money that may be spent in the future. (more…)

Aiming for the Right Target in Trading

When trading goes right, it can be a great feeling. When trading goes wrong it can be a nightmare. Fortunes are made in a matter of weeks and lost in a matter of minutes. This pattern repeats itself as each new generation of traders hit the market. They hurl themselves out of the night like insane insects against some sort of karmic bug-light; all thought and all existence extinguished in one final cosmic “zzzzzzt”. Obviously, for a trader to be successful he must acknowledge this pattern and then break it. This can be accomplished by asking the right questions and finding the correct answers by rational observation and logical conclusion.

This article will attempt to address one question:

“What is the difference between a winning trader and a losing trader?”

What follows are eleven observations and conclusions that I use in my own trading to help keep me on the right track. You can put these ideas into table form, and use them as a template to determine the probability of a trader being successful.

OBSERVATION #1

The greatest number of losing traders is found in the short-term and intraday ranks. This has less to do with the time frame and more to do with the fact that many of these traders lack proper preparation and a well thought-out game plan. By trading in the time frame most unforgiving of even minute error and most vulnerable to floor manipulation and general costs of trading, losses due to lack of knowledge and lack of preparedness are exponential. These traders are often undercapitalized as well. Winning traders often trade in mid-term to long-term time frames. Often they carry greater initial levels of equity as well.

CONCLUSION:

Trading in mid-term and long-term time frames offers greater probability of success from a statistical point of view. The same can be said for level of capitalization. The greater the initial equity, the greater the probability of survival.

OBSERVATION #2

Losing traders often use complex systems or methodologies or rely entirely on outside recommendations from gurus or black boxes. Winning traders often use very simple techniques. Invariably they use either a highly modified version of an existing technique or else they have invented their own.

CONCLUSION

This seems to fit in with the mistaken belief that “complex” is synonymous with “better”. Such is not necessarily the case. Logically one could argue that simplistic market approaches tend to be more practical and less prone to false interpretation. In truth, even the terms “simple” or “complex” have no relevance. All that really matters is what makes money and what doesn’t. From the observations, we might also conclude that maintaining a major stake in the trading process via our own thoughts and analyses is important to being successful as a trader. This may also explain why a trader who possesses no other qualities than patience and persistence often outperforms those with advanced education, superior intellect or even true genius.

OBSERVATION #3

Losing traders often rely heavily on computer-generated systems and indicators. They do not take the time to study the mathematical construction of such tools nor do they consider variable usage other than the most popular interpretation. Winning traders often take advantage of the use of computers because of their speed in analyzing large amounts of data and many markets. However, they also tend to be accomplished chartists who are quite happy to sit down with a paper chart, a pencil, protractor and calculator. Very often you will find that they have taken the time to learn the actual mathematical construction of averages and oscillators and can construct them manually if need be. They have taken the time to understand the mechanics of market machinery right down to the last nut and bolt.

CONCLUSION:

If you want to be successful at anything, you need to have a strong understanding of the tools involved. Using a hammer to drive a nut in to a threaded hole might work, but it isn’t pretty or practical.

OBSERVATION #4

Losing traders spend a great deal of time forecasting where the market will be tomorrow. Winning traders spend most of their time thinking about how traders will react to what the market is doing now, and they plan their strategy accordingly.

CONCLUSION:

Success of a trade is much more likely to occur if a trader can predict what type of crowd reaction a particular market event will incur. Being able to respond to irrational buying or selling with a rational and well thought out plan of attack will always increase your probability of success. It can also be concluded that being a successful trader is easier than being a successful analyst since analysts must in effect forecast ultimate outcome and project ultimate profit. If one were to ask a successful trader where he thought a particular market was going to be tomorrow, the most likely response would be a shrug of the shoulders and a simple comment that he would follow the market wherever it wanted to go. By the time we have reached the end of our observations and conclusions, what may have seemed like a rather inane response may be reconsidered as a very prescient view of the market. (more…)

Life Lessons from Trading

 

In trading, we can all agree that fewer conditions or filters results in better conclusions, better understanding, and less curve fitting. Conditions or filters block information. Too filters can result in less new insight and fewer opportunities.

Here is where trading is a good lesson for life. As we grow older our tendency is to filter out information, people, paths. It’s partly a necessity to avoid the bad or overload, but good things can be missed. Our experience tends to specialize our knowledge and narrow our focus. Though this has some benefit in expertise what opportunities or knowledge or growth may be missed. Ignoring, filtering or refusing to hear or listen to ideas we disagree with or that are different than our own may lead to narrow mindedness, missed opportunity to change and important information. For younger people it might be seen as closing doors. Meeting new people, hearing new ideas, going to new places. Nobel laureates advise not to tighten parameters too tightly as the surprise result may reveal itself. I recommend opening up parameters, let the fresh air in. Let’s not become grumpy old men. We’ve seen closed small minded people and don’t look on them with respect. Broad vision is necessary to see above and beyond the noise. You really need to force yourself against the tendency to close the mind.

Six steps for Traders

  • Define the question
  • gather information and resources
  • form hypothesis
  • perform experiment and collect data
  • analyze data
  • interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for a new hypothesis.

1. Define the question: What is it exactly that you are trying to achieve? Are you shooting for high returns with high risk, long term gains with minimal risk, day trading, swing trading, position trading? Are you trying to make enough money to buy a new car or enough to buy a yacht? First define what it is that you want out of your trading!

2. Gather information and resources: What will be the best route to achieve your trading goals? Are you going to be a stock trader, a futures trader, a forex trader? Maybe everything? Doing the necessary research and taking the time to really get to know your market/markets is absolutely key to successful trading. Some people make great futures traders but horrible stock traders and vice-versa, while others are able to dabble in a little bit of everything and be successful. One way to see what fits you best is to try trading a little bit of everything and see where you feel the most comfortable. Start with small accounts and see what fit is a good one for you.

3. Form hypothesis: This is the fun part and where you get to design your “system” or “rules” by which to trade. Does your trading hypothesis revolve around chart patterns, trendlines, support and resistance, or are you more of a numbers kind of person that trades strictly off price? Do you use indicators? Maybe you are a programmer that has developed an algorithm. Whatever it is I believe it is important to form a hypothesis and then… (more…)

Technical Analysis Fact and Fiction

“Technical analysis, I think, has a great deal that is right and a great deal that is mumbo jumbo…

“There is a great deal of hype attached to technical analysis by some technicians who claim that it predicts the future. Technical analysis tracks the past; it does not predict the future. You have to use your own intelligence to draw conclusions about what the past activity of some traders may say about the future activity of other traders.

“For me, technical analysis is like a thermometer. Fundamentalists who say they are not going to pay any attention to the charts are like a doctor who says he’s not going to take a patient’s temperature. But, of course, that would be sheer folly. If you are a responsible participant in the market, you always want to know where the market is — whether it is hot and excitable, or cold and stagnant. You want to know everything you can about the market to give you an edge. (more…)

Technical Analysis Fact and Fiction

“Technical analysis, I think, has a great deal that is right and a great deal that is mumbo jumbo…

“There is a great deal of hype attached to technical analysis by some technicians who claim that it predicts the future. Technical analysis tracks the past; it does not predict the future. You have to use your own intelligence to draw conclusions about what the past activity of some traders may say about the future activity of other traders.

“For me, technical analysis is like a thermometer. Fundamentalists who say they are not going to pay any attention to the charts are like a doctor who says he’s not going to take a patient’s temperature. But, of course, that would be sheer folly. If you are a responsible participant in the market, you always want to know where the market is — whether it is hot and excitable, or cold and stagnant. You want to know everything you can about the market to give you an edge.

“Technical analysis reflects the vote of the entire marketplace and, therefore, does pick up unusual behaviors. By definition, anything that creates a new chart pattern is something unusual. It is very important for me to study the details of price action to see if I can observe something about how everybody is voting. Studying the charts is absolutely crucial and alerts me to existing disequilibria and potential changes.”

– Bruce Kovner, Market Wizards (more…)

Weekend -Trading Quotes

Trading Journal

Show me a trader with good records, and I’ll show you a good trader.”

– Dr. Alexander Elder


“The fruits of your trading or investment success will be in direct ratio to the honesty and sincerity of your own effort in keeping your own records, doing your own thinking, and reaching your own conclusions. You cannot wisely read a book on ‘ how to keep fit’ and leave the physical exercise to another. “

– Jesse Livermore


Risk Management

“Risk comes from not knowing what you’re doing.”

– Warren Buffet

 

Money Management

“It’s not whether you’re right or wrong that’s important, but how much money you make when you’re right and how much you lose when you’re wrong.”

– George Soros


“If you have an approach that makes money, then money management can make the difference between success and failure… … I try to be conservative in my risk management. I want to make sure I’ll be around to play tomorrow. Risk control is essential. “

– Monroe Trout


“Every winner needs to master three essential components of trading; a sound individual psychology, a logical trading system and good money management. These essentials are like three legs of a stool – remove one and the stool will fall, together with the person who sits on it. Losers try to build a stool with only one leg, or two at the most. They usually focus exclusively on trading systems. Your trades must be based on clearly defined rules. You have to analyze your feelings as you trade, to make sure that your decisions are intellectually sound. You have to structure your money management so that no string of losses can kick you out of the game.”

– Dr. Alexander Elder


“The most important advice is to never let a loser get out of hand. You want to be sure that you can be wrong twenty or thirty times in a row and still have money in your account. When I trade, I’ll risk perhaps 5 to 10 percent of the money in my account. If I lose on that trade, no matter how strongly I feel, on my next trade I’ll risk no more than about 4 percent of my account. If I lose again, I’ll drop the trading size down to about 2 percent. I’ll keep on reducing my trading size as long as I’m losing. I’ve gone from trading as many as three thousand contracts per trade to as few as ten. “

– Randy McKay


“All traders make mistakes, great traders, however, limit the damage.”

– Unknown


“My trading style blends both the risk-oriented and conservative personality of my personality. I take the risk-oriented part of my personality and put it where it belongs to : trading. And, I take the conservative part of my personality and put it where it belongs to money management. My money management techniques are extremely conservative. I never risk anything approaching the total amount of money in my account, let alone my total funds. “

– Randy McKay


“I’m more concerned about controlling the downside. Learn to take the losses. The most important thing about making money is not to let your losses get out of hand. “

– Marty Schwartz


“I’m always thinking about losing money as opposed to making money. Don’t focus on making money, focus on protecting what you have.”

– Paul Tudor Jones (more…)

Jack Schwager on Market Sense and Nonsense

This is Jack as analyst, not as trader interviewer. I think the insights herein will benefit investors especially over traders, although both are served well. Jack totally destroys the EMH in this book. He also debunks a great deal of conventional wisdom for the investor, which I think will be shocking at first. Why? Conventional wisdom “feels good” and to go against the grain so to speak as an investor takes a great deal of emotional intelligence — and a strong inner voice — which most investors don’t have. Good trading and investing oftentimes does not “feel” good at all. It’s much easier for a newbie or amateur to go with the crowd and succumb to one’s emotions. What feels safe is normally not a proper risk management decision for the untrained.

At the end of each chapter, Jack delineates several “Misconceptions” that I believe are worth the price of the book. One in particular deals with when it’s NOT a good idea to just blindly buy the S&P 500 after it’s gone up a certain amount.

Market Sense and Nonsense is an objective take on popular investment themes that is backed with a great deal of data to support its claims. I think the conclusions in this book will surprise most of its readers and that’s a good thing. At least they will be armed with strong arguments to bring up with their advisors.

HOW TO MAKE BETTER DECISIONS

When you have the time make a decision to watch the following program on making better decisions.  You may find that you made the right decision to do so.
FROM THE INTRODUCTION:According to science: We are bad at making decisions. Our decisions are based on oversimplification, laziness and prejudice. And that’s assuming that we haven’t already been hijacked by our surroundings or led astray by our subconscious!
Featuring exclusive footage of experiments that show how our choices can be confounded by temperature, warped by post-rationalisation and even manipulated by the future, Horizon presents a guide to better decision making, and introduces you to Mathematician Garth Sundem, who is convinced that conclusions can best be reached using simple maths and a pencil!

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