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Jack Schwager’s “Hedge Fund Market Wizards” in Two Paragraphs

READANDLEARNNearly every professional Trader will agree that Jack Schwager’s “Market Wizards” series is required reading. And his latest in the series, Hedge Fund Market Wizards, continues the same tradition of excellence. I’ve nearly finished my first read-through. If you are time constrained (and who isn’t) and/or you haven’t yet picked up the book, I may be able to save you some time by offering this brief mock introduction to each Trader that nearly describes every interview in the book:

Over the past 10-15 years, Trader X has achieved an [insert mid-teens to mid-twenties]average annual return. While this return may not sound that impressive, consider that Trader X has never had a drawdown larger than [insert impressive sounding single-digit number]percent! However, Trader X’s Sharpe Ratio is extremely high. How could this be? Well, a shortcoming of the Sharpe Ratio is that it makes no distinction between upside and downside volatility and therefore understates the Trader’s true performance because volatility has been heavily skewed to the upside (which, presumably, most investors wouldn’t have a problem with).

How has Trader X achieved such an impressive Return/Risk track record? He lazer beams extreme focus to risk controls and never risks more than [insert some minuscule number]percent of his total portfolio on any individual trade.  Combining these risk controls with his attention to seeking out asymmetric trading opportunities that have the potential to yield trading gains far in excess of the maximum risked to enter the trade is what separates Trader X from his pedestrian competitors.

There ya go, you’ve basically read all 15 chapters of Hedge Fund Wizards.

Now what do you think you need to focus on?

A great quote

I’m sure every trader has run into some kind of negativity from know-it-all chodes who just don’t get what this subject is about – it goes something along the lines of “What good does it actually do? You are just stealing other peoples money?” blah blah *yawn* blah….

Here’s a great quote from a book I’m reading “Hedge Fund Edge” that demolishes their complaints:

“Principle 7: Develop a Love and Respect for Trading, Free Markets, and Individual Liberty and Initiative.

Profits are just the gravy. When they test a group of traders, one of the traits that almost all successful traders and investors share is a deep understanding of how trading and investing is part of the process that allows humankind to progress. Even day-traders provide critical liquidity that allows others to hedge, companies to raise capital, and investors to invest with limited risk. Stock selection allows investors to become second-level venture capital firms, with their demand helping provide access to financing in areas where the people need capital most. The more you understand the remarkable way in which freedom and free association work to produce economic gain and real progress for humankind from new innovations and technologies, the more likely you are to feel a strong sense of purpose at being a part of such an incredible system. And the stronger your sense that your efforts are creating something good that is bigger than yourself, the more committed, enriched, excited, and innovative you will become.”

… so put that in your pipe and smoke it.

Preserving Psychological Capital

Estimates are that 75-95% of all traders lose all their trading capital in the first year, and only about 5-10% of those that get into trading are able to stay profitable on a consistent basis after 5 years. This is not encouraging. However, since the majority of people tend to be overconfident, most believe that they are not going to be among the casualties.

What is behind this overconfidence?

Some of the most highly educated professionals such as doctors, lawyers and engineers who are used to being first in their class–the best of breed in whatever they do– fail miserably as traders and investors. The reason is that the process of trading and investing is completely different from activities and ways of thinking that bring success outside of the markets. Trading is a counterintuitive to what we are taught growing up. As we grow and develop, we acquire levels of control. We learn to control our bodies, movements, environments, who we chose as friends, lovers and mates, our educational goals, where and how we live. We get cozy and comfortable in our little worlds where we make the rules, and live out our lives in accord with them. Yes, there is a lot going on in the world, but it really doesn’t mean all that much unless it affects us directly. When external challenges face us in our personal lives, we take control, problem solve, and get done what needs to be done.

In the markets things are quite different. There is no way to control the market forces. Markets are larger than life, yet they are life. Millions of people from every part of the world are there making decisions that affect you in either a positive or a negative fashion. Millions of nameless and faceless people are trying to take your money before you take theirs. There is no situation in the life of most people that compares with this. That is why successful trading and investing requires one to adopt an entirely new brain-set.

The majority of people are simply not neurologically flexible enough adapt to this new environment. They insist on adapting the markets to their own worldview, and they fail—sometimes miserably so.

Small losses almost always become larger and larger losses, leading to every manner of emotional distress as you are holding and hoping, or in complete denial that the position could possibly turn against you. Holding and hoping leads to larger losses and more emotional carnage until you are a financial and neuropsychiatric basket case and you just want out at any cost. Desperation, anxiety or depression set in and remind you of every time in your life you were told that you were not good enough, that you would never amount to anything or that you didn’t deserve to win or be successful. You are now in a state where both financial and psychological capital are depleted–all because you didn’t take a small loss.

How do you preserve your financial and psychological capital? You learn to embrace risk by using rigorous risk management techniques. The most important of these are position sizing, stops and money management. You take small losses. You take small losses! You let winning positions run and take profits and trail stops as they are running. Please memorize this until it is burned into the connections in your brain: The single biggest reason for failure as a trader or investor is the inability to take small losses and letting them grow into larger losses.

Five Steps To Consistent Profits

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  1. Work on yourself and your personal issues so that they don’t get in the way of your trading. This step must be accomplished first; otherwise, it would interfere with each of the other steps.
  2. Develop a business plan as a working document to guide your trading. This business plan is not to raise money, which is the purpose of many business plans. Instead, it’s designed to be a continual work-in-progress to guide you throughout your trading career. The business plan actually helps you with all five of the steps. The plan also includes an overview of the big picture influencing the markets you will be trading and a method for keeping on top of those factors so that you will know when you are wrong.
  3. Develop several strategies that fit your view of the big picture and understand how each of these strategies will perform under various market types. The ultimate goal of this step is to develop something that will work well under every possible market condition. It’s actually not that hard to develop a good strategy for any particular market condition (including quiet, sideways). What’s difficult is to develop one strategy that works well under all market conditions—which is what most people attempt to do. (more…)

The Anatomy of a Trend: 10 Guidelines

  1. A trend begins with capital flowing into an asset based on a perceived increase in the future value of the asset.
  2. Trends are identified by higher highs and higher lows for several days in a row or the reverse lower highs and lower lows.
  3. Moving averages can also identify trends based on a moving average sloping up or sloping down visibly.
  4. A moving average can also act as support or resistance for a stock as it trends in one direction and bounces off a key moving average.
  5. Trends tend to persist because the owners of the asset have no reason to sell and tend to just let their position ride causing the trend to continue.
  6. Supply and demand causes trends when you have a lot of dollars chasing a limited asset.
  7. In stocks, up trends are caused by mutual fund managers building large positions in their favorite stocks.
  8. Down trends in stocks are caused when institutions start to unload a stock or investors cash in their mutual fund shares during bear markets and managers have to raise cash by selling their holdings.
  9. Capital is always looking for great returns so they chase stocks with the biggest earnings expectations planning on the stock price following.
  10. Trends tend to persist until acted on by an opposing force. Sometimes this is as simple as running out of buyers or sellers of the asset.

The money is in the big trends, look for them, find them, and ride them until they end.

“The trend is your friend until the end when it bends” -Ed Seykota

Perception vs Reality

“It is often said by experienced investors that the equity market discounts future events. Investors who support that contention believe that if you wait for an event to occur before investing, then you would probably be too late because the investment implications would already have been priced into the particular investment.

The notion that the equity market discounts future events necessarily leads us to the conclusion that the equity  market prices stocks based on perception rather than on reality. Future events that are supposedly being discounted have not yet occurred. Therefore, stock price movements reflect investors’ changing perceptions of what will occur, but not what will certainly occur. If the market were able to discount an event with complete certainty, then we would not worry about volatility or risk.”

The Crowd Speaks Technical Analysis

Nice write-upcrowd on the benefits of adding some technical analysis to a rational, fundamental worldview by Anthony Bolton, the recently retired manager of the top-performing Fidelity Special Situations fund. A few excerpts (emphasis mine):

 My contention is that if you are trying to predict the mass action of thousands of investors, most of whom are investing on a rational or logical basis, you won’t be able to do this by taking the same logical approach as everyone else. (more…)

Why do you think most traders fail?

  1. Poor selection criteria; usually based on personal opinion, theory or tips and bad advice
  2. They don’t stick to and commit to an approach; style drift

  3. Don’t cut losses (#1 mistake made by virtually all investors)

  4. Don’t know the truth about their trading – they fail to conduct in-depth post analysis

  5. Treat trading as a hobby and not a business

  6. Want too much too fast; learning a skill takes time

There’s a lot of important meat in those few lines of text.  We all recognize that it’s not easy to cut losses, but I firmly believe that this results in more grief for traders than anything else.  What causes a trader to suffer a big hit?  I believe that it’s the unwilligness to accept that a trade is not working, and that it’s not likely to get any better if held longer.  Under those conditions, losses mount.  The only way to prevent that big loss is to cut it off at its knees – and the time to do that occurs when it’s a much smaller loss.The difficulty with that is sacrificing the possibility that the trade would turn profitable.  My advice:  Get over it.  Many trades will be unprofitable.  That’s a fact of life for a trader.

I understand that on a rare occasion a gap opening may do irreparable damage, and not provide an opportunity to take the small loss.  However, that’s also a preventable occurrence.  If the damage is too great, then the position was too large.  It really is as simple as that. 

How many of us look at trades after the position is closed?  How many dissect the entire trade in an attempt to find out what was done correctly and what mistakes were made?  Very few. 

A mistake is not a trade that loses money.  A mistake is making a decision that was clearly incorrect at the time, but the trader was unable to see that.  Another mistake is avoiding a trading plan and not doing postmortems on  your trades.  It all takes so much time.  However, if you take trading seriously, and do not consider it to be a hobby, there’s work to be done.

Mistakes are part of the game.  Making the same mistake repeatedly is not.  At least it’s not part of any successful trader’s game.

Courage

Concentrate on developing courage now, or risk a shortened investment career. Trading is not for the weak hearted. The markets are unpredictable and even the smartest analyst will make mistakes. Eventually everyone experiences a sequence of losing trades and you will not be exempt. You have a choice between self-pity and self-reflection. The Genius Trader has the courage to look at their mistakes and learn from them. The average trader perceives this as too painful, and simply curses their bad luck.

How do you become a more courageous trader? You must journal every single trade. Over the years, as I continue to interview accomplished investors, they all keep some form of trading journal. This provides such valuable information that I incorporate into other areas of my life. A detailed trading journal will be a big revelation into the success behind your best trades, and possible causes behind your losers. Armed with these facts, self-reflection becomes more productive.

3 Biases That Affect Your Trading

1) Gambler’s fallacy bias

People tend to believe that after a string of losses, a win is going to come next. Take for example that you are playing a game of coin tossing with a capital of $1000. You lost 3 bets in a row on heads and cost you $100 each bet. What will you bet next and how much would you stake?

It is likely you will continue to bet on heads and with a higher stake, say $300. You do not ‘believe’ that it can be tails consistently. People fail to realize coin tossing is random and past results do not affect future outcomes.

Traders must treat each trade independently and not be affected by past results. It is important that your trading system tells you how much to stake your capital which is also known as position sizing, so that the risk-reward ratio will be optimal.

2) Limit profits and enlarge losses bias

People tend to limit their profits and give more room to losses. Nobody likes the feeling of losing. Most investors tend to hold on to losses and hope their investments will turn around soon, and they will be happy if their holdings break even. However, chances are that they will amount to greater losses. On the other hand, if they are winning, most investors tend to take profits early as they fear their profits will be wiped out soon. Thereafter, they regretted that they didn’t hold a little longer (sounds familiar?).

One of the most important principle in trading is contrary to what most investors do – Traders have to LIMIT LOSSES and let PROFITS RUN. Losses are part and parcel of trading and hence, it is crucial to protect the capital from depleting too much – live to fight another day is the mantra for all traders. Large profits are thus required to cover the small losses – so do not limit profit runs.

3) I am right bias

Humans are egoistic in nature and we want to prove that we are right. High accuracy is not important in trading but making more money when you are right is. Remember what George Soros said, “It’s not whether you’re right or wrong that’s important, but how much money you make when you’re right and how much you lose when you’re wrong.”